在 Linux 上运行 ASPNET 5 和 .NET Core
4.82/5 (18投票s)
我最近一直在听很多关于新的 ASPNET 5 (vNext) 和 .NET Core 的信息。
我最近一直在听很多关于新的 ASPNET 5 (vNext) 和 .NET Core 的信息。然而，beta 版本之间频繁的破坏性更改让我不想去尝试。随着 ASPNET 5 和 .NET Core 进入 release candidate 阶段，并且 1.0 版本近在眼前，我认为是时候去尝试一下了。
ASPNET 5 和 .NET Core 的基本概念
用一句话概括 ASPNET 5 和 .NET Core，为接下来的内容设定背景。
ASP.NET 5 是一个精简且可组合的框架，用于构建 Web 和云应用程序。ASP.NET 5 是完全开源的。
.NET Core 是 .NET 的跨平台实现，主要由 ASP.NET 5 工作负载驱动，但也源于对现代运行时（它应该是模块化的，其功能和库可以根据应用程序的需求进行精选）的需求和愿望。
选择操作系统
ASPNET 5 和 CoreCLR 可以在 Windows、Mac 或 Linux 上运行。我选择在 Linux 上尝试，因为它对我来说是最有趣的选择。我认为可以安全地假设 ASPNET 5 在 Windows 上的运行会比在其他操作系统上更顺畅。此外，如果我能在其他操作系统上让它运行起来，那么它在 Windows 环境中应该会运行得更好。Mac 很有趣，但它的主要用例是作为开发环境。而 Linux 既可以作为可行的开发环境，也可以作为吸引人的托管选项。在我的测试中，我使用了 Ubuntu Server 14.04，因为它是最受欢迎的 Linux 发行版之一，而且易于使用。
在 Mono Runtime 和 .NET Core Runtime 之间选择
开发者在新生态系统中将拥有更多选择。即使在 Linux 上，也有两个 .NET 运行时可供选择：mono runtime 或 coreclr。Mono 是 Xamarin 的 .NET 框架的开源实现，它有自己的 mono runtime。它已经存在了 10 多年，支持（部分）Web 和桌面 .NET 应用程序在 Linux 上运行。.NET Core 是 Microsoft 的 .NET 跨平台实现，coreclrt 是它的运行时。
在 Linux 上选择 mono runtime 或 coreclr，就像在 Windows 上选择 full CLR 和 coreclr 一样。Full CLR 支持当前所有第三方库。CoreCLR 虽然更精简且模块化，但需要库专门针对 .NET Core。因此，.NET Core 支持的库数量初期会有限，但随着采用率的提高，应该会随着时间的推移而改善。
ASPNET 5 的主要目标之一是构建轻量级且可组合的框架，我认为这是值得追求的。我将尝试 coreclr。
设置环境
使用 asp.net 网站上的入门页面，安装必要的组件非常容易。
安装 .NET 版本管理器 (DNVM)
dnvm 是 .NET 版本管理器，它是一套命令行工具，用于更新和配置要使用的 .NET 运行时。
curl -sSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/aspnet/Home/dev/dnvminstall.sh | DNX_BRANCH=dev sh && source ~/.dnx/dnvm/dnvm.sh
安装 .NET 执行环境 (DNX)
.NET 执行环境包含引导和运行应用程序所需的代码。这包括编译系统、SDK 工具和原生 CLR 主机等。
#install dnx prerequisite
sudo apt-get install libunwind8 gettext libssl-dev libcurl4-openssl-dev zlib1g libicu-dev uuid-dev
#use dnvm to install .net core
dnvm upgrade -r coreclr
此时，如果您运行 dnvm list 列出已安装的运行时，您应该会看到类似以下内容：
Active Version Runtime Architecture OperatingSystem Alias
------ ------- ------- ------------ --------------- -----
* 1.0.0-rc1-update1 coreclr x64 linux default
请注意，只有 coreclr 运行时已安装。asp.net 网站上的入门页面也有安装 mono runtime 的说明。由于我只对尝试 coreclr 感兴趣，不安装 mono runtime 反而更容易验证它在 coreclr 上是否正常工作。
安装 Libuv
Libuv 是一个多平台异步 IO 库，被 Kestrel 使用，Kestrel 是一个用于托管 ASP.NET 5 Web 应用程序的跨平台 HTTP 服务器。
sudo apt-get install make automake libtool curl
curl -sSL https://github.com/libuv/libuv/archive/v1.4.2.tar.gz | sudo tar zxfv - -C /usr/local/src
cd /usr/local/src/libuv-1.4.2
sudo sh autogen.sh
sudo ./configure
sudo make
sudo make install
sudo rm -rf /usr/local/src/libuv-1.4.2 && cd ~/
sudo ldconfig
运行 HelloMVC 示例项目
环境设置好后，运行 Hello World MVC 项目也很容易。
#install git if it's not already installed
sudo apt-get install git
#clone the aspnet 5 repo
git clone https://github.com/aspnet/home
#change directory into the HelloMvc sample
#1.0.0-rc1-update matches the runtime version and could be different for you depends on what runtime you installed
cd home/samples/1.0.0-rc1-update1/HelloMvc/
#restore the packages required by HelloMvc project
dnu restore
#start the app
dnx web
如果您浏览到 http://my-ip-address:5004，您应该会看到运行中的示例应用程序。
dnu restore 命令
dnu restore 命令会查看应用程序的依赖项，下载它们，并将它们添加到应用程序的包目录中。依赖项在 project.json 文件中定义。在 HelloMvc 项目中，依赖项是：
"dependencies": {
"Microsoft.AspNet.Server.Kestrel": "1.0.0-rc1-final",
"Microsoft.AspNet.IISPlatformHandler": "1.0.0-rc1-final",
"Microsoft.AspNet.Diagnostics": "1.0.0-rc1-final",
"Microsoft.AspNet.Mvc": "6.0.0-rc1-final",
"Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.Console": "1.0.0-rc1-final"
},
dnx web 命令
dnx web 命令会运行应用程序。
在早期文档中，您可能会看到对 dnx kestrel 命令的引用。如果您尝试运行 dnx kestrel 命令。您将收到以下错误消息：“Error: Unable to load application or execute command ‘kestrel’. Available commands: web.”原因是 web 和 kestrel 是 special commands，需要定义在 project.json 中。在 HelloMvc 示例的最新版本中，只定义了 web 命令。在该示例的早期 beta 版本中，同时定义了 web 和 kestrel。
在 1.0.0-rc1-update1/HelloMvc 目录中打开 HelloMvc 项目的最新版本 project.json 文件，这里只定义了 web 命令。还要注意 server.urls 参数，其值为 http://*:5004，这解释了为什么示例会在 5004 端口上运行。
commands: {
web: Microsoft.AspNet.Server.Kestrel --server.urls http://*:5004
},
打开 1.0.0-beta7/HelloMvc 中的 HelloMvc 项目的早期版本 project.json 文件，您将看到同时定义了 web 和 kestrel 命令。
commands: {
web: Microsoft.AspNet.Hosting --server Microsoft.AspNet.Server.WebListener --server.urls https://:5001,
kestrel: Microsoft.AspNet.Hosting --server Microsoft.AspNet.Server.Kestrel --server.urls https://:5004
},
运行 MusicStore 示例项目
让 HelloMvc 示例运行起来很好，但我需要看到一个非简单的应用程序运行起来，才能投入更多时间。我的下一个测试是让 AspNet MusicStore 示例项目运行起来。这个项目包含身份验证和 EF7，使其成为一个不错的测试对象。该项目使用 InMemory provider 进行数据库访问，因为目前只有 SqlServer、SqlLite 和 InMemory provider 可用。
遵循与 HelloMvc 项目类似的步骤。
#clone the musicstore repo
git clone https://github.com/aspnet/MusicStore.git
#change the directory into the sample project
cd MusicStore/src/MusicStore
#restore package
dnu restore
#run the application
dnx web
此时，我在控制台中看到以下内容，这表明应用程序正在运行。看起来很有希望。
ubuntu@:~/MusicStore/src/MusicStore$ dnx web
Hosting environment: Production
Now listening on: https://:5000
Application started. Press Ctrl+C to shut down.
然而，当我尝试访问它时，会收到以下看起来令人恐惧的异常。
fail: Microsoft.AspNet.Server.Kestrel[13]
An unhandled exception was thrown by the application.
System.InvalidOperationException: Unable to resolve service for type 'Microsoft.Extensions.CompilationAbstractions.ILibraryExporter' while attempting to activate 'Microsoft.AspNet.Mvc.Razor.Compilation.RoslynCompilationService'.
at Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.ServiceLookup.Service.PopulateCallSites(ServiceProvider provider, ISet`1 callSiteChain, ParameterInfo[] parameters, Boolean throwIfCallSiteNotFound)
at Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.ServiceLookup.Service.CreateCallSite(ServiceProvider provider, ISet`1 callSiteChain)
at Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.ServiceProvider.GetResolveCallSite(IService service, ISet`1 callSiteChain)
at Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.ServiceProvider.GetServiceCallSite(Type serviceType, ISet`1 callSiteChain)
at Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.ServiceLookup.Service.PopulateCallSites(ServiceProvider provider, ISet`1 callSiteChain, ParameterInfo[] parameters, Boolean throwIfCallSiteNotFound)
at Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.ServiceLookup.Service.CreateCallSite(ServiceProvider provider, ISet`1 callSiteChain)
at Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.ServiceProvider.GetResolveCallSite(IService service, ISet`1 callSiteChain)
at Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.ServiceProvider.GetServiceCallSite(Type serviceType, ISet`1 callSiteChain)
at Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.ServiceLookup.Service.PopulateCallSites(ServiceProvider provider, ISet`1 callSiteChain, ParameterInfo[] parameters, Boolean throwIfCallSiteNotFound)
at Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.ServiceLookup.Service.CreateCallSite(ServiceProvider provider, ISet`1 callSiteChain)
at Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.ServiceProvider.GetResolveCallSite(IService service, ISet`1 callSiteChain)
at Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.ServiceProvider.GetServiceCallSite(Type serviceType, ISet`1 callSiteChain)
at Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.ServiceLookup.Service.PopulateCallSites(ServiceProvider provider, ISet`1 callSiteChain, ParameterInfo[] parameters, Boolean throwIfCallSiteNotFound)
at Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.ServiceLookup.Service.CreateCallSite(ServiceProvider provider, ISet`1 callSiteChain)
at Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.ServiceProvider.GetResolveCallSite(IService service, ISet`1 callSiteChain)
at Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.ServiceProvider.GetServiceCallSite(Type serviceType, ISet`1 callSiteChain)
at Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.ServiceProvider.CreateServiceAccessor(Type serviceType, ServiceProvider serviceProvider)
at System.Collections.Concurrent.ConcurrentDictionaryExtensions.GetOrAdd[TKey,TValue,TArg](ConcurrentDictionary`2 dictionary, TKey key, Func`3 valueFactory, TArg arg)
at Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.ServiceProvider.GetService(Type serviceType)
at Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.ServiceProviderExtensions.GetRequiredService(IServiceProvider provider, Type serviceType)
at Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.ServiceProviderExtensions.GetRequiredService[T](IServiceProvider provider)
at Microsoft.AspNet.Mvc.Razor.Internal.MvcRazorMvcViewOptionsSetup.ConfigureMvc(IServiceProvider serviceProvider, MvcViewOptions options)
at Microsoft.Extensions.OptionsModel.OptionsCache`1.CreateOptions()
at System.Threading.LazyInitializer.EnsureInitializedCore[T](T& target, Boolean& initialized, Object& syncLock, Func`1 valueFactory)
at Microsoft.AspNet.Mvc.ViewEngines.CompositeViewEngine..ctor(IOptions`1 optionsAccessor)
at lambda_method(Closure , ServiceProvider )
at Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.ServiceProviderExtensions.GetRequiredService(IServiceProvider provider, Type serviceType)
at Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.ServiceProviderExtensions.GetRequiredService[T](IServiceProvider provider)
at Microsoft.AspNet.Mvc.ViewResult.<ExecuteResultAsync>d__26.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.ThrowForNonSuccess(Task task)
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.HandleNonSuccessAndDebuggerNotification(Task task)
at Microsoft.AspNet.Mvc.Controllers.FilterActionInvoker.<InvokeResultAsync>d__45.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.ThrowForNonSuccess(Task task)
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.HandleNonSuccessAndDebuggerNotification(Task task)
at Microsoft.AspNet.Mvc.Controllers.FilterActionInvoker.<InvokeResultFilterAsync>d__44.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at Microsoft.AspNet.Mvc.Controllers.FilterActionInvoker.<InvokeAllResultFiltersAsync>d__43.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.ThrowForNonSuccess(Task task)
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.HandleNonSuccessAndDebuggerNotification(Task task)
at Microsoft.AspNet.Mvc.Controllers.FilterActionInvoker.<InvokeResourceFilterAsync>d__38.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at Microsoft.AspNet.Mvc.Controllers.FilterActionInvoker.<InvokeAsync>d__33.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.ThrowForNonSuccess(Task task)
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.HandleNonSuccessAndDebuggerNotification(Task task)
at Microsoft.AspNet.Mvc.Infrastructure.MvcRouteHandler.<InvokeActionAsync>d__8.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.ThrowForNonSuccess(Task task)
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.HandleNonSuccessAndDebuggerNotification(Task task)
at Microsoft.AspNet.Builder.RouterMiddleware.<Invoke>d__4.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.ThrowForNonSuccess(Task task)
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.HandleNonSuccessAndDebuggerNotification(Task task)
at Microsoft.AspNet.Authentication.AuthenticationMiddleware`1.<Invoke>d__18.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at Microsoft.AspNet.Authentication.AuthenticationMiddleware`1.<Invoke>d__18.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.ThrowForNonSuccess(Task task)
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.HandleNonSuccessAndDebuggerNotification(Task task)
at Microsoft.AspNet.Authentication.AuthenticationMiddleware`1.<Invoke>d__18.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at Microsoft.AspNet.Authentication.AuthenticationMiddleware`1.<Invoke>d__18.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.ThrowForNonSuccess(Task task)
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.HandleNonSuccessAndDebuggerNotification(Task task)
at Microsoft.AspNet.Authentication.AuthenticationMiddleware`1.<Invoke>d__18.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at Microsoft.AspNet.Authentication.AuthenticationMiddleware`1.<Invoke>d__18.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.ThrowForNonSuccess(Task task)
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.HandleNonSuccessAndDebuggerNotification(Task task)
at Microsoft.AspNet.Authentication.AuthenticationMiddleware`1.<Invoke>d__18.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at Microsoft.AspNet.Authentication.AuthenticationMiddleware`1.<Invoke>d__18.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.ThrowForNonSuccess(Task task)
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.HandleNonSuccessAndDebuggerNotification(Task task)
at Microsoft.AspNet.Authentication.AuthenticationMiddleware`1.<Invoke>d__18.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at Microsoft.AspNet.Authentication.AuthenticationMiddleware`1.<Invoke>d__18.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.ThrowForNonSuccess(Task task)
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.HandleNonSuccessAndDebuggerNotification(Task task)
at Microsoft.AspNet.Authentication.AuthenticationMiddleware`1.<Invoke>d__18.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at Microsoft.AspNet.Authentication.AuthenticationMiddleware`1.<Invoke>d__18.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.ThrowForNonSuccess(Task task)
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.HandleNonSuccessAndDebuggerNotification(Task task)
at Microsoft.AspNet.Authentication.AuthenticationMiddleware`1.<Invoke>d__18.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at Microsoft.AspNet.Authentication.AuthenticationMiddleware`1.<Invoke>d__18.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.ThrowForNonSuccess(Task task)
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.HandleNonSuccessAndDebuggerNotification(Task task)
at Microsoft.AspNet.Authentication.AuthenticationMiddleware`1.<Invoke>d__18.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at Microsoft.AspNet.Authentication.AuthenticationMiddleware`1.<Invoke>d__18.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.ThrowForNonSuccess(Task task)
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.HandleNonSuccessAndDebuggerNotification(Task task)
at Microsoft.AspNet.Session.SessionMiddleware.<Invoke>d__8.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at Microsoft.AspNet.Session.SessionMiddleware.<Invoke>d__8.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.ThrowForNonSuccess(Task task)
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.HandleNonSuccessAndDebuggerNotification(Task task)
at Microsoft.AspNet.Diagnostics.ExceptionHandlerMiddleware.<Invoke>d__6.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at Microsoft.AspNet.Diagnostics.ExceptionHandlerMiddleware.<Invoke>d__6.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.ThrowForNonSuccess(Task task)
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.HandleNonSuccessAndDebuggerNotification(Task task)
at Microsoft.AspNet.Diagnostics.StatusCodePagesMiddleware.<Invoke>d__3.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.ThrowForNonSuccess(Task task)
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.HandleNonSuccessAndDebuggerNotification(Task task)
at Microsoft.AspNet.Hosting.Internal.RequestServicesContainerMiddleware.<Invoke>d__3.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.ThrowForNonSuccess(Task task)
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.HandleNonSuccessAndDebuggerNotification(Task task)
at Microsoft.AspNet.Hosting.Internal.HostingApplication.<ProcessRequestAsync>d__7.MoveNext()
--- End of stack trace from previous location where exception was thrown ---
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter.ThrowForNonSuccess(Task task)
at Microsoft.AspNet.Server.Kestrel.Http.Frame`1.<RequestProcessingAsync>d__3.MoveNext()
经过一番谷歌搜索，解决方案很简单。该示例需要最新的运行时。运行以下命令将其更新到最新版本。
#upgrade the runtime to latest version
#-r specifies the runtime we are upgrading is coreclr
#-u use the unstable feed to get the latest
dnvm upgrade -u -r coreclr
#verify the version
dnvm list
#dnvm list output indicates that we have version 1.0.0-rc2-16319 and it's the active runtime
Active Version Runtime Architecture OperatingSystem Alias
------ ------- ------- ------------ --------------- -----
1.0.0-rc1-update1 coreclr x64 linux
* 1.0.0-rc2-16319 coreclr x64 linux default
再次运行 dnx web 命令并访问网站。太棒了！我看到了音乐商店的首页。浏览网站和添加商品到购物车也正在工作。
结论
在这篇博文中，我们在 Linux 上配置了 .net 运行时环境。我们还设置了 HelloMvc 和 MusicStore 示例应用程序在 coreclr 运行时上运行。虽然遇到了一些小波折，但总体体验是愉快的。
Core CLR 上可用的库仍然有限。但看起来很快就会有更多库可用。快速查看我计划使用的一些库，它们已经有了一些支持。
- Npgsql（PostgreSQL 数据访问提供程序）的 开发分支已完全支持 CoreCLR。
- AWS SDK 也拥有 CoreCLR 的 beta 支持。
参考文献
