我的第一个 Android 应用
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我希望这套教程对 Android 开发初学者有所帮助。
引言
大多数教程都从“Hello World”应用程序开始，以方便初学者上手。在本文中，我将跳过这一步，提供一系列我希望对Android开发者（初学者）有用的教程。
该应用程序是一个简单的职位搜索。用户可以从Android手机上，根据用户当前位置（使用GPS）和职位位置，在职位网站（ASP.NET网站）上搜索职位。用户输入搜索关键词和距离（英里），然后会得到在他当前位置范围内，距离他输入值的所有职位。
该应用程序将涵盖以下教程
- 使用线程和wait命令创建启动画面
- 在不同屏幕之间导航和使用Android导航菜单
- 使用GPS获取当前位置
- 使用ksoap库与.NET Web服务通信
- 在表格中列出记录，并提供点击每一行的功能
- 在各个屏幕之间传递参数
- 显示Google地图
工具和IDE
以下是用于开发上述应用程序的工具和IDE
- Android SKD：Android开发工具包，包括模拟器。可在此处下载。
- Eclipse：一个JavaScript开发IDE
- Visual Studio 2010：用于开发Web服务的.NET
服务器端代码
首先，我将解释托管的Web服务以及包含职位广告记录的数据库表。以下是我们添加到“Jobs”表中的记录。
请注意，我们为每个职位添加了“Latitude”（纬度）和“Longitude”（经度）值。这将与GPS的当前位置进行比较，并计算出距离（英里）。
我在SQL Server中有一个函数，用于计算两个地理坐标点（Latitude, Longitude）之间的距离（英里）。请看下面的代码
Create FUNCTION [dbo].[CoordinateDistanceMiles]
(
@Latitude1 float,
@Longitude1 float,
@Latitude2 float,
@Longitude2 float
)
RETURNS float
AS
BEGIN
declare @retVal float;
if (@Latitude1=0 and @Longitude1=0)
set @retVal =0
else
begin
-- CONSTANTS
DECLARE @EarthRadiusInMiles float;
DECLARE @PI float;
SET @EarthRadiusInMiles = 3963.1
SET @PI = PI();
-- RADIANS conversion
DECLARE @lat1Radians float;
DECLARE @long1Radians float;
DECLARE @lat2Radians float;
DECLARE @long2Radians float;
SET @lat1Radians = @Latitude1 * @PI / 180;
SET @long1Radians = @Longitude1 * @PI / 180;
SET @lat2Radians = @Latitude2 * @PI / 180;
SET @long2Radians = @Longitude2 * @PI / 180;
set @retVal = Acos
(
Cos(@lat1Radians) * Cos(@long1Radians) * Cos(@lat2Radians) * Cos(@long2Radians) +
Cos(@lat1Radians) * Sin(@long1Radians) * Cos(@lat2Radians) * Sin(@long2Radians) +
Sin(@lat1Radians) * Sin(@lat2Radians)
) * @EarthRadiusInMiles;
end
return @retVal
END
接下来，我有一个托管在本地的.NET Web服务，其中包含一个名为“JobSearch”的Web方法。该Web方法将从用户那里接收搜索关键词、距离（英里）、当前纬度值和当前经度值，然后查询数据库以获取结果。上述函数用于计算距离的查询。
[WebMethod]
public job[] JobSearch(string keyword, string miles, string latitude, string longitude)
{
List<job> retVal = new List<job>();
SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection
(ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["test_db"].ConnectionString);
try
{
int miles_int = Convert.ToInt32(miles);
if (miles_int == 0)
{
latitude = "0";
longitude = "0";
}
string sql = "select *,dbo.CoordinateDistanceMiles
(" + latitude + "," + longitude + ",latitude,longitude)
'DistanceMiles' from jobs where ";
if (miles_int > 0)
sql +=" dbo.CoordinateDistanceMiles(" + latitude + "," +
longitude + ",latitude,longitude) <" + miles+ " and ";
sql +=" (jobtitle like '%" + keyword + "%' or jobdesc like '%" +
keyword + "%') order by jobpostdate desc ";
SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand(sql, conn);
conn.Open();
SqlDataReader dr = cmd.ExecuteReader(CommandBehavior.CloseConnection);
while (dr.Read())
{
job jb = new job(Convert.ToInt32(dr["jobid"]), dr["jobtitle"].ToString(),
Convert.ToString(dr["jobdesc"]), Convert.ToDateTime(dr["jobpostdate"]),
Convert.ToString(dr["city"]), Convert.ToString(dr["country"]),
((double)(dr["DistanceMiles"])), ((double)(dr["latitude"])),
((double)(dr["longitude"])));
retVal.Add(jb);
}
}
finally
{
conn.Close();
conn.Dispose();
}
return retVal.ToArray();
}
上面的方法使用了以下C#类“job.cs”
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
/// <summary>
/// Summary description for job
/// </summary>
public class job
{
private int _JobID = 0;
private string _JobTitle = null;
private string _JobDesc = null;
private DateTime _JobPostDate = new DateTime();
private string _country = null;
private string _city = null;
private double _Latitude = 0;
private double _Longitude = 0;
private string _distancemiles = "0";
public int JobID
{
set { _JobID = value; }
get { return _JobID; }
}
public string JobTitle
{
set { _JobTitle = value; }
get { return _JobTitle; }
}
public string JobDesc
{
set { _JobDesc = value; }
get { return _JobDesc; }
}
public DateTime JobPostDate
{
set { _JobPostDate = value; }
get { return _JobPostDate; }
}
public string Country
{
set { _country = value; }
get { return _country; }
}
public string City
{
set { _city = value; }
get { return _city; }
}
public double Latitude
{
set { _Latitude = value; }
get { return _Latitude; }
}
public double Longitude
{
set { _Longitude = value; }
get { return _Longitude; }
}
public string DistanceMiles
{
set { _distancemiles = value; }
get { return _distancemiles; }
}
public job(){}
public job(int jobid, string jobtitle, string jobdesc,
DateTime jobpostdate, string cit, string cnt, double miles,
double lat, double longt)
{
_JobID = jobid;
_JobTitle = jobtitle;
_JobDesc = jobdesc;
_JobPostDate = jobpostdate;
_distancemiles = miles.ToString("0.00");
_Latitude = lat;
_Longitude = longt;
_city = cit;
_country = cnt;
}
}
客户端代码
假设Eclipse和Android SDK已安装并配置好，更多信息请点击此处。
我的应用程序从一个启动画面开始。这只是第一个屏幕，包含应用程序名称和Logo，会显示大约5秒钟，然后导航到主应用程序屏幕。
布局文件：main.xml文件
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<AbsoluteLayout
android:id="@+id/widget0"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
>
<ImageView
android:id="@+id/widget30"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_x="150px"
android:layout_y="80px"
android:src="@drawable/jobs_logo"
>
</ImageView>
<TextView
android:id="@+id/widget32"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_x="110px"
android:layout_y="20px" android:text="JOBS IN MY AREA - Android Job Search">
</TextView>
</AbsoluteLayout>
这是包含调用启动画面的线程函数的Java类。
import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.MotionEvent;
public class job_engine extends Activity {
/** Called when the activity is first created. */
protected boolean _active = true;
protected int _splashTime = 2000;
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
//initially call the main screen which is the splash screen
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.main);
// thread for displaying the next screen
Thread splashTread = new Thread() {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
int waited = 0;
while(_active && (waited < _splashTime)) {
sleep(100);
if(_active) {
waited += 100;
}
}
} catch(InterruptedException e) {
// do nothing
} finally {
//the finish function will close the current activity
//which is the "main" screen.
finish();
//after waiting.. display the "home" screen: application main screen.
Intent i = new Intent(job_engine.this, homescreen.class);
startActivity(i);
stop();//stop thread.
}
}
};
splashTread.start();
}
@Override
public boolean onTouchEvent(MotionEvent event) {
if (event.getAction() == MotionEvent.ACTION_DOWN) {
_active = false;
}
return true;
}
}
导航和菜单
接下来是“Home”屏幕，它只包含三个按钮和三个标签，用于构建菜单。
注意：这里，我将不关注Android组件的布局，我假设开发者已经知道如何构建布局。更多关于Android布局的信息，请参阅《理解Android用户界面》。
简单看一眼，下面的代码展示了如何给按钮添加点击事件。
//define the controls
Button btn1;
Button btn2;
Button btn3;
TextView Label4;
public void onCreate(Bundle icicle)
{
//set the contentview to the homescreen
super.onCreate(icicle);
setContentView(R.layout.homescreen);
//get the buttons objects.
btn1 = (Button) findViewById(R.id.btn1);
btn2 = (Button) findViewById(R.id.btn2);
btn3 = (Button) findViewById(R.id.btn3);
Label4 = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.Lable4);
//create onclick event handler
btn1.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener()
{
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
//this will open new screen
Intent i = new Intent(homescreen.this, jobsearch.class);
startActivity(i);
}
});
//=======================================================
btn2.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener()
{
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
//the browse functionality is not implemented yet
NotImplemented();
}
});
//=======================================================
btn3.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener()
{
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
//this will close the application
finish();
}
});
或者，您也可以利用Android菜单来构建菜单系统。在这种情况下，您需要按下手机上的“Menu”按钮才能显示菜单，菜单会显示在手机屏幕底部。
以下是实现Android菜单的代码
/* Creates the menu items */
public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
menu.add(0,1,0, "Job Search");
menu.add(0,2,1, "Browse Jobs");
menu.add(0,3,1, "Exit");
return true;
}
/* Handles item selections */
public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
switch (item.getItemId()) {
case 1:
Intent i = new Intent(homescreen.this, jobsearch.class);
startActivity(i);
return true;
case 2:
NotImplemented();
return true;
case 3:
finish();
return true;
}
return false;
}
使用GPS获取当前位置
在同一个“Home”屏幕中，我添加了GPS功能来感知用户的当前位置。为此，我创建了一个实现“LocationListener”的新类，因此每次GPS检测到新位置时，Android系统都会调用此回调函数。
我们将添加自己的Location listener，并重写强制函数。在这种情况下，我们只会在以下几种情况下向屏幕打印一条消息：
onLocationChanged（位置更新）onProviderDisabled（GPS关闭）onProviderEnabled（GPS开启）- 并添加另一个强制方法，该方法什么也不做：
onStatusChanged（我们在这里不添加任何内容）。请看下面的代码
/* Class My Location Listener */
public class MyLocationListener implements LocationListener
{
@Override
public void onLocationChanged(Location loc)
{
//just passing the current latitude and logtude values to an external class
//for later use.
CurrentLocation.Latitude =Double.toString(loc.getLatitude());
CurrentLocation.Longitude = Double.toString(loc.getLongitude());
String Text = "My current location is: " +
"Latitud = " + loc.getLatitude() +
"Longitud = " + loc.getLongitude();
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), Text, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
@Override
public void onProviderDisabled(String provider)
{
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Gps Disabled", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT ).show();
}
@Override
public void onProviderEnabled(String provider)
{
Toast.makeText( getApplicationContext(), "Gps Enabled", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
@Override
public void onStatusChanged(String provider, int status, Bundle extras)
{
}
}/* End of Class MyLocationListener */
现在，为了显示当前位置信息，我们需要在“OnCreate”方法中添加以下代码
//code to get the current GPS location
LocationManager mlocManager = (LocationManager)getSystemService
(Context.LOCATION_SERVICE);
LocationListener mlocListener = new MyLocationListener();
mlocManager.requestLocationUpdates( LocationManager.GPS_PROVIDER,
0, 0, mlocListener);
注意：为了能够访问GPS，我们必须在AndroidManifest.xml文件中添加权限
将权限行添加到“manifest”标签之后。请看下面
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="job.engine"
android:versionCode="1"
android:versionName="1.0">
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION"/>
为了模拟位置更新，我们需要通过telnet连接到模拟器，然后执行以下操作
telnet localhost 5554
geo fix 30 28
您应该会得到以下结果
连接到Web服务
接下来是“Job Search”屏幕，其中包含两个文本框和一个搜索按钮。在此屏幕上，用户将输入搜索关键词和距离（英里），然后点击搜索以从Web服务查询职位记录。
我使用了KSoap2库与.NET Web服务进行通信。
为了能够与Web服务通信，您必须在manifest文件中添加以下权限行
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
搜索按钮的“OnClick”方法执行时间太长。因此，我需要一个解决方案来在后台完成我的任务。Handler是解决这个问题的非常好的方案。
如果您不使用这种方法，用户会看到程序似乎卡住了。
如何使用它。首先，您需要重写handleMessage方法。
private Handler handler = new Handler() {
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
super.handleMessage(msg);
// do something
}
};
其次，您需要创建一个Thread。
new Thread() {
public void run() {
//long time method
handler.sendEmptyMessage(0);
}
}.start();
这是搜索按钮的“OnClick”事件。
btn_search.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
//on clicking the search button.. will call the "StartThread"
//function that contains the thread running the handler
StartThread();
}
});
这是上面调用的“StartThread”函数
//this will start the search thread.
protected void StartThread()
{
//show process dialog
pd = ProgressDialog.show(this, "Job Searching",
"Contacting Web Service, Please Wait...");
SearchTread = new Thread() {
@Override
public void run() {
handler.sendEmptyMessage(0);
}
};
SearchTread.start();
}
private Handler handler = new Handler()
{
public void handleMessage(Message msg)
{
//this is the function that do the search
DoSearch();
}
};
这是包含整个搜索过程的“DoSearch”函数。
private static final String NAMESPACE="http://tempuri.org/";
private static final String
URL ="http://10.0.2.2/webservice/service.asmx"; //Web Service URL
private static final
String HelloWorld_SOAP_ACTION ="http://tempuri.org/JobSearch"; //specifies the action
private static final String METHOD_NAME1 =
"JobSearch"; //specify the method name what you are calling
//this function is taking long time.. that is why we use handler and thread
protected void DoSearch()
{
try
{
// get the text entered in the search box
String keyword = key_txt.getText().toString();
//show alert if the user did not enter anything to search
if (keyword.equals(""))
{
Dialog dlg = new AlertDialog.Builder(this)
.setIcon(R.drawable.icon)
.setTitle("Jobs In My Area")
.setPositiveButton("OK", null)
.setMessage("Please, Enter Keyword to search")
.create();
dlg.show();
}
else
{
lbl_ws.setText("");
TableLayout tbl1 = (TableLayout) findViewById(R.id.tbl1);
tbl1.removeAllViews();
//start calling the web service.
//create soap request
SoapObject request = new SoapObject(NAMESPACE, METHOD_NAME1);
//send the parameters
request.addProperty("methodName","JobSearch");
request.addProperty("keyword", keyword);
request.addProperty("miles",miles_txt.getText().toString());
request.addProperty("latitude", lat);
request.addProperty("longitude", lng);
//create soap client
SoapSerializationEnvelope envelope =new SoapSerializationEnvelope
(SoapEnvelope.VER11);
envelope.dotNet = true;
envelope.setOutputSoapObject(request);
HttpTransportSE androidHttpTransport = new HttpTransportSE(URL);
//call the web method from the URL
androidHttpTransport.call(HelloWorld_SOAP_ACTION, envelope);
//get the response as raw;
SoapObject objs = (SoapObject)envelope.getResponse();
//check the there is a results or not
if (objs.getPropertyCount()==0)
{
Dialog dlg = new AlertDialog.Builder(this)
.setIcon(R.drawable.icon)
.setTitle("Jobs In My Area")
.setPositiveButton("OK", null)
.setMessage("No Jobs Found for the search keyword specified!")
.create();
dlg.show();
return;
}
//loop through the results set
for(int i=0;i< objs.getPropertyCount();i++)
{
//JobList +=objs.getPropertyCount();
SoapObject obj = (SoapObject) objs.getProperty(i);
//making the job title bold. using the "SpannableString"
SpannableString jobTitle = new SpannableString
(obj.getProperty("JobTitle").toString());
jobTitle.setSpan(new StyleSpan(Typeface.BOLD),0,0,0);
// Date d = (Date) obj.getProperty("JobPostDate");
String date_raw = obj.getProperty("JobPostDate").toString();
String Formatted_Date = date_raw.substring(8,10) +
"-" + date_raw.substring(5,7) + "-" + date_raw.substring(0,4);
SpannableString jobPostDate = new SpannableString(Formatted_Date);
jobPostDate.setSpan(new StyleSpan(Typeface.ITALIC), 0, 0, 0);
String JobDesc = obj.getProperty("Country").toString();
JobDesc += "," + obj.getProperty("City").toString();
JobDesc += "(" + obj.getProperty
("DistanceMiles").toString() + " Miles)";
JobDesc += " : " + obj.getProperty("JobDesc").toString();
if (!JobDesc.equals(""))
{
if (JobDesc.length()>200)
JobDesc = JobDesc.substring(0, 200) + " ...";
}
TextView lbl = new TextView(this);
TextView lbl2 = new TextView(this);
TextView lbl3 = new TextView(this);
lbl.setText(jobTitle);
lbl2.setText(" (" + jobPostDate + ")");
lbl3.setText(JobDesc);
lbl3.setTextSize(10);
//start build up the table
//creating table row
TableRow tr = new TableRow(this);
LinearLayout Cell1 = new LinearLayout(this);
Cell1.addView(lbl);
Cell1.addView(lbl2);
//adding the cell to the row.
tr.addView(Cell1);
TableRow tr2 = new TableRow(this);
LinearLayout Cell2 = new LinearLayout(this);
Cell2.addView(lbl3, new LinearLayout.LayoutParams
(450, LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT));
tr2.addView(Cell2);
TableRow tr3 = new TableRow(this);
LinearLayout Cell3 = new LinearLayout(this);
View hr = new View(this);
//hr.setBackgroundColor(Color.WHITE);
hr.setMinimumHeight(9);
Cell3.addView(hr); //adding spacer only
tr3.addView(Cell3);
//registering click for the row.
tr.setClickable(true);
tr.setId(Integer.parseInt(obj.getProperty("JobID").toString()));
// Register handler for UI elements
tr.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(View v) {
// Log.d(TAG, "mAddAccountButton clicked");
int rowid;
rowid = v.getId();
String args = Integer.toString(rowid);
//function to be called when the row is clicked.
GetRowID(args);
}
});
//adding the row to the table.
tbl1.addView(tr); //adding job title row
tbl1.addView(tr2); // job desc text
tbl1.addView(tr3); // spacer row
}
}
}
catch(Exception e)
{
lbl_ws.setText(e.toString()) ;
}
finally
{
pd.dismiss();
SearchTread.stop();
}
}
注意：如果您需要引用主机计算机的localhost，例如当您希望模拟器客户端联系运行在同一主机上的服务器时，请使用别名10.0.2.2来引用主机计算机的回环接口。从模拟器来看，localhost (127.0.0.1)指的是它自己的回环接口。这就是为什么我的Web服务URL是
private static final String
URL ="http://10.0.2.2/webservice/service.asmx"; //Web Service URL
以表格格式显示结果
在上面的同一个函数中，我们创建了一个Table Layout来容纳我们的记录
//outside the loop
TableLayout tbl1 = (TableLayout) findViewById(R.id.tbl1);
//inside the loop
TableRow tr = new TableRow(this);
LinearLayout Cell1 = new LinearLayout(this);
Cell1.addView(lbl);
Cell1.addView(lbl2);
//adding the cell to the row.
tr.addView(Cell1);
TableRow tr2 = new TableRow(this);
LinearLayout Cell2 = new LinearLayout(this);
Cell2.addView(lbl3, new LinearLayout.LayoutParams
(450, LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT));
tr2.addView(Cell2);
TableRow tr3 = new TableRow(this);
LinearLayout Cell3 = new LinearLayout(this);
View hr = new View(this);
//hr.setBackgroundColor(Color.WHITE);
hr.setMinimumHeight(9);
Cell3.addView(hr); //adding spacer only
tr3.addView(Cell3);
//outside the loop
//adding the row to the table.
tbl1.addView(tr); //adding job title row
tbl1.addView(tr2); // job desc text
tbl1.addView(tr3); // spacer row
为了使表格行可点击，以便用户可以查看职位详情，我们注册了一个点击事件。
//registering click for the row.
tr.setClickable(true);
tr.setId(Integer.parseInt(obj.getProperty("JobID").toString()));
// Register handler for UI elements
tr.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(View v) {
int rowid;
rowid = v.getId();
String args = Integer.toString(rowid);
//function to be called when the row is clicked.
GetRowID(args);
}
});
通过传递职位ID查看职位详情屏幕
“GetRowID”函数将打开“Job Details”屏幕，并传递job id参数。以下是如何将参数传递给“Intent”
public void GetRowID(String Args)
{
//open the job details
Intent i = new Intent(jobsearch.this, jobdetails.class);
//passing the parameters - Job ID
i.putExtra("JobID",Args);
startActivity(i);
}
接下来，在“Job Details”屏幕中，我们需要读取从前一个屏幕传递过来的参数。为此，我们需要在“OnCreate”中添加以下代码
Intent i = super.getIntent();
//get all parameters passed from previous screen
Bundle bun = i.getExtras();
//get the parameter by name
String JobID = bun.getString("JobID");
//this will again connect to the web service and get the job details by id.
PopulateJob(JobID);
在地图上显示职位位置
当用户点击职位查看职位详情时，他可以选择在地图上查看职位位置。我使用了Android的Google MAP库。注意：您需要一个Google API Key。
在布局文件中，我有以下代码
<com.google.android.maps.MapView
android:id="@+id/mapview1"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:clickable="true"
android:apiKey="your key is here"
/>
这是用于显示地图的完整Java文件
import android.os.Bundle;
import com.google.android.maps.GeoPoint;
import com.google.android.maps.MapActivity;
import com.google.android.maps.MapController;
import com.google.android.maps.MapView;
public class map extends MapActivity
{
private MapView myMap;
private double lat;
private double lon;
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle icicle)
{
super.onCreate(icicle);
setContentView(R.layout.map);
myMap = (MapView) findViewById(R.id.mapview1); //Get map from XML
lat = Double.parseDouble(CurrentLocation.Latitude);
lon = Double.parseDouble(CurrentLocation.Longitude);
navigateToLocation((lat * 1000000),
(lon * 1000000), myMap); //display the found address
}
@Override
protected boolean isRouteDisplayed() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return false;
}
public static void navigateToLocation
(double latitude, double longitude, MapView mv) {
GeoPoint p = new GeoPoint((int) latitude, (int) longitude); //new GeoPoint
mv.displayZoomControls(true); //display Zoom
MapController mc = mv.getController();
mc.animateTo(p); //move map to the given point
int zoomlevel = mv.getMaxZoomLevel(); //detect maximum zoom level
mc.setZoom(zoomlevel - 1); //zoom
mv.setSatellite(false); //display only "normal" mapview
}
}
结论
有关源代码的更多详细信息，请从本文顶部的链接下载源代码。源代码简单且注释良好。
希望本教程有用，我很乐意看到其他评论和投票。